El dengue se incrementó drásticamente desde 1995 en el Estado de Paraná sin una explicación consistente. En un intento de contribuir con información a este problema, fue analizada la susceptibilidad de A. aegypti al insecticida temefos en varios municipios del Estado de Paraná, así como la variación estacional de la ovoposición de Aedes spp. en Maringá y Jacarezinho. La comparación del porcentaje de mortalidad y tasa de resistencia RR95 de CD = 0,0060 mg/L a temefos de la cepa Rockefeller con los individuos de las localidades seleccionadas mostró como resistentes a las poblaciones del vector de Foz de Iguazú (67,5 ± 7,7; RR95 = 3,9), Paranavaí (58,1 ± 14; RR95 = 3,4), Maringá (57,8 ± 5,2; RR95 = 6,9), Ibipora (68,75 ± 3,9; RR95 = 6,6) y Jacarezinho (73,3 ± 7,5; RR95 = 3) y una incipiente alteración de la susceptibilidad en la población de Cambé (81,56 ± 10; RR95 = 2,6). Las poblaciones del vector de Maringá e Ibipora presentaron resistencia media (RR95 > 5 e < 10) y las demás, baja resistencia (RR95 < 5). En Maringá e Ibipora la fluctuación de ovoposición fue menor en invierno.

The number of dengue cases has increased drastically the state of Paraná since 1995 without a consistent explanation. In order to contribute to this subject, the susceptibility of A. aegypti to the insecticide temephos was evaluated in several municipalities in Paraná, along with seasonal variation of oviposition of Aedes spp. in Maringá and Jacarezinho. Comparison of mortality and resistance rates RR95 (CD = 0.0060 mg/L) of the Rockefeller temephos strain (Rock) on individuals from these locales showed that vector populations from Foz do Iguaju (67.5 ± 7.7; RR95 = 3.9), Paranavaí (58.1 ± 14; RR95 = 3.4), Maringá (57.8 ± 5.2; RR95 = 6.9), Ibipora (68.75 ± 3.9; rR95 = 6.6), and Jacarezinho (73.3 ± 7.5; RR95 = 3) were resistant; while those from Cambé (81.56 ± 10; RR95 = 2.6) had an incipient change in susceptibility. The vector populations in Maringá and Ibipora displayed average resistances (RR95 > 5 and < 10), while the others showed low resistance (RR95 < 5). In Maringá and Jacarezinho, oviposition fluctuation was lower in winter.

Mosquito control prevails as the most efficient method to protect humans from the dengue virus, despite recent efforts to find a vaccine for this disease. We evaluated insecticide resistance and genetic variability in natural populations of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) from Colombia. This is the first Colombian study examining kdr mutations and population structure. Bioassays with larvae of three mosquito populations (Armenia, Calarcá and Montenegro) were performed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, using Temephos. For the analysis of the Val1016Ile mutation and genetic diversity, we sampled recently-emerged adults from four mosquito populations (Armenia, Calarcá, Montenegro and Barcelona). Following the WHO protocol, bioassays implemented with larvae showed resistance to Temephos in mosquito populations from Armenia (77% ± 2) and Calarcá (62% ± 14), and an incipient altered susceptibility at Montenegro (88% ± 8). The RR95 of mosquito populations ranged from 3.7 (Montenegro) to 6.0 (Calarca). The Val1016Ile mutation analysis of 107 genotyped samples indicates that 94% of the specimens were homozygous for the wild allele (1016Val) and 6% were heterozygous (Val1016Ile). The 1016Ile allele was not found in Barcelona. Genetic variability analysis found three mitochondrial lineages with low genetic diversity and gene flow. In comparison with haplotypes from the American continent, those from this study suggest connections with Mexican and North American populations. These results confirm that a continuous monitoring and managing program of A. aegypti resistance in the state of Quindío is required.

Se evalúan productos de origen vegetal en busca de sustancias bioactivas que tengan la capacidad de reducir la dependencia de insecticidas organofosforados y piretroides, a los que las poblaciones de insectos se han vuelto resistentes. Por esta razón el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si los aceites esenciales de Guatteria hispida, G. blepharophylla y G. friesiana presentan efecto insecticida contra A. aegypti bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Los aceites esenciales se extrajeron a través de hidrodestilación por medio de un aparato tipo Clevenger, analizados por Cromatografía Gaseosa acoplada a Espectrometría de Masas (CG-EM) y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear (RMN). Los bioensa-yos se analizaron de acuerdo con el modelo Probit. Los análisis de (CG-EM) y (RMN) confrmaron que las hojas de G. blepharophylla presentan óxido de cariofileno como el principal componente; en G. friesiana fue a-, b- y g-eudesmol, y en G. hispida a- y b-pineno y (E)-cariofileno fueron los compuestos predominantes. La concentraciones letales CL50, CL95 y CL99 fueron respectivamente 85,74, 199,35 y 282,76ppm para G. hispida; 58.72, 107.6 y 138.37 ppm para G. blepharophylla; 52,6, 94,37 y 120,22ppm para G. friesiana. El aceite extraído de G. friesiana presentó el mejor efecto insecticida.

the products of vegetal origin were assessed for bioactive substances to reduce reliance on organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides, to which insect populations have become resistant. For this reason the aim of this study was to assess whether the essential oils of Guatteria hispida, G. blepharophylla and G. friesiana have insecticidal effect against A. aegypti under laboratory conditions. Essential oils were extracted through hydrodistillation using a modifed Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by Gas Chromatography (CG-FID), Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spec-trometry (GC-MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). the bioassays were analyzed according to the Probit model. The GC-MS and NMR analyses confrmed that the leaves of G. blepharophylla have the caryophyllene oxide as their main component; in G. friesiana the a-,b- and g-eudesmols prevail, and in G. hispida a- and b-pinene, and (E)-caryophyllene are the predominant compounds. the lethal concentrations LC50, LC95 and LC99, were respectively 85.74, 199.35 and 282.76ppm for G. hispida; 58.72, 107.6 and 138.37ppm for G. blepharophylla; and 52.6, 94.37 and 120.22ppm for G. friesiana. the oil extracted from G. friesiana presented the best insecticidal effect.

Objetivo: Analizar la distribución espacial y temporal del dengue en el Estado de Paraná y su relación con el incremento de los casos en las áreas de frontera 1995-2007. Métodos: Datos de la ocurrencia de los casos autóctonos e importados en cada municipio paranaense fueron geo-referenciados con ArcVier GIS 3.2 fue también realizado un análisis de correlación de Pearson (r), relacionando el número de casos del Estado de Paraná con los Estados de Mato Grosso y São Paulo, Brasil, Argentina y Paraguay. Resultados: El análisis de los mapas permitió reconocer áreas con mayor incidencia de virus y la dirección de la dispersión en el Estado. Se notaron tres olas epidémicas, con picos en los bienios 1995/96, 2002/03 y 2006/07. Se destacan las regiones metropolitanas de Londrina y Maringá y la ciudad de Foz do Iguaçu, como grandes centros urbanos y con elevado número de casos del dengue. Las áreas formadas por las mesoregiones Oeste, Centro-Oeste, Noroeste, Norte-Central y Norte Pionero contribuyeron con 98,47% del total de casos, siendo 99,98% autóctonos. Conclusiones: La ocurrencia de olas epidémicas y la continua notificación de casos de dengue, con confirmación serológica, es un indicio de que este problema se ha transformado en endémico en el Estado. Es observado que el mayor número de casos en el estado de Paraná ocurre en las fronteras con Paraguay y límites con el Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Salud UIS 2010; 42: 113-122.

Objectives: To analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of dengue in the Paraná state and its relationship to the rising of number of cases in the border areas from 1995 to 2007. Methods: Data of occurrence of autochthonous and allochthonous dengue cases in Paraná were georeferenced whit ArcView GIS 3.2. It was also performed an analysis of the Pearson correlation (r) between the total number cases to State of Paraná with Mato Grosso and São Paulo states, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. Results: The maps' analysis allowed the recognition of areas with higher dengue incidence and the direction of dispersion within the State. It is outstanding the occurrence of three epidemical waves with peaks in 1995/96, 2002/03 and 2006/07. It highlights the metropolitan regions of Londrina and Maringá and the city of Foz do Iguaçu, as large urban centers, present a high number of dengue cases. The area that comprises the West, Mid-west, Northwest, Mid-north and the so-called "Pioneer North" mesoregions contributed with 98.47% of the total number of cases and with 99.98% of solely the autochthonous ones. Conclusions: The occurrence of epidemic waves and the notification of continuous cases of dengue, with serologic confirmation, it is an indication that this disease has become endemic in the state. It is observed that the largest number of cases in the Parana state occurs in the border areas with Paraguay and currency with the Mato Grosso do Sul state. Salud UIS 2010; 42: 113-122.

Objetivos: Analisar a distribuição espacial e temporal da dengue no Estado do Paraná e sua relação com o incremento de número de casos das áreas de fronteira entre 1995 e 2007. Métodos: Dados de ocorrência dos casos de dengue autóctones e importados em cada município paranaense foram georreferenciados com ArcView GIS 3.2. Foi realizada também uma análise de correlação de Pearson (r), relacionando o número de casos do Estado de Paraná com os Estados do Mato Grosso e São Paulo, Brasil, Argentina e Paraguai. Resultados: A análise dos mapas permitiu reconhecer áreas com maior incidência da virose e a direção da dispersão no Estado. É notável a ocorrência de três ondas epidêmicas, com picos nos biênios 1995/96, 2002/03 e 2006/07. Destacam-se as Regiões Metropolitanas de Londrina e Maringá e a cidade de Foz do Iguaçu, como grandes centros urbanos e com elevado número de casos da dengue. A área formada pelas mesorregiões Oeste, Centro-Oeste, Noroeste, Norte-Central e Norte Pioneiro contribuíram com 98,47% do total de casos, sendo 99,98% autóctones. Conclusões: A ocorrência de ondas epidêmicas e a contínua notificação de casos de dengue, com confirmação sorológica, é um indício de que este agravo se tornou endêmico no Estado. É observado que o maior número de casos no Estado do Paraná ocorre nas áreas de fronteira com o Paraguai e divisa com o Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Salud UIS 2010; 42: 113-122

OBJETIVOS: Se presenta un modelo de simulación que muestra la dinámica de depredación de Mesocyclops spp., sobre Aedes aegypti MÉTODOS: Representado por cuatro ecuaciones diferenciales: H'(t), cantidad de huevos; L'(t), cantidad de larvas; A'(t), cantidad de adultos y C'(t), cantidad de copépodos. Inicialmente las ecuaciones son del tipo clásico presa-depredador, según Lotka y Volterra. Posteriormente se modifica en un sistema con respuesta funcional para invertebrados, según Holling. RESULTADOS: El primer sistema controla y estabiliza la población de mosquitos, el segundo muestra que los copepodos son inefectivos como controladores. CONCLUSIONES: Se reconoce la necesidad de estudiar sistemas presa depredador (mosquitos - copepodos) con trabajos que integren pruebas de laboratorio y de campo. Solo así será posible establecer la validez en el uso de estos últimos como controladores biológicos efectivos de mosquitos.

OBJETIVE: A simulation model is presented to show the predation dynamics of Mesocyclops spp. over Aedes aegypti.i METHODS: The system is represented through four differential equations. H'(t), quantity of eggs; L'(t), quantity of larvae; A'(t), quantity of adults and C'(t), quantity of copepods. Initially the equations are of the classic predator-prey type, according to Lotka (1924) and Volterra (1926). Then it is modified into a system with functional response for invertebrates, according to Holling. RESULTS: The first system effectively controls and stabilizes the mosquito population, while the second suggests that copepods may be ineffective as mosquito controllers. CONCLUSIONS: The need to study predator-prey systems (copepodos-mosquitos) with projects that integrate laboratory and of field tests is recognized. Only then will it be possible to establish the validity of predators as effective biological controllers of mosquitoes.

OBJETIVE: A simulation model is presented to show the predation dynamics of Mesocyclops spp. over Aedes aegypti.i METHODS: The system is represented through four differential equations. H'(t), quantity of eggs; L'(t), quantity of larvae; A'(t), quantity of adults and C'(t), quantity of copepods. Initially the equations are of the classic predator-prey type, according to Lotka (1924) and Volterra (1926). Then it is modified into a system with functional response for invertebrates, according to Holling. RESULTS: The first system effectively controls and stabilizes the mosquito population, while the second suggests that copepods may be ineffective as mosquito controllers. CONCLUSIONS: The need to study predator-prey systems (copepodos-mosquitos) with projects that integrate laboratory and of field tests is recognized. Only then will it be possible to establish the validity of predators as effective biological controllers of mosquitoes.

OBJETIVOS: Se presenta un modelo de simulación que muestra la dinámica de depredación de Mesocyclops spp., sobre Aedes aegypti MÉTODOS: Representado por cuatro ecuaciones diferenciales: H'(t), cantidad de huevos; L'(t), cantidad de larvas; A'(t), cantidad de adultos y C'(t), cantidad de copépodos. Inicialmente las ecuaciones son del tipo clásico presa-depredador, según Lotka y Volterra. Posteriormente se modifica en un sistema con respuesta funcional para invertebrados, según Holling. RESULTADOS: El primer sistema controla y estabiliza la población de mosquitos, el segundo muestra que los copepodos son inefectivos como controladores. CONCLUSIONES: Se reconoce la necesidad de estudiar sistemas presa depredador (mosquitos - copepodos) con trabajos que integren pruebas de laboratorio y de campo. Solo así será posible establecer la validez en el uso de estos últimos como controladores biológicos efectivos de mosquitos.